Holy Defense Studies

Abstract Historically, relations that are based on tension and conflict between spatial-political units in local, national, and regional perspectives can be cited as one of the oldest and most sustained aspects from the time man came to reign on the earth. Geopolitical and geographical values and factors have played a major role in helping tension and conflict to emerge between political units. As a country that appeared out of a combination of three Ottoman imperial states, Iraq has experienced a non-peaceful relationship with its neighbors due to its special natural and human geography attributes. A living example is its invasion of Iran and Kuwait in the second half of the twentieth Century. However, many of the tension- and conflict raising behaviors on the part of the Iraqi government can be said to have been originated from its geography and geopolitics. An inhomogeneous human structure from an ethnic and religious point of view, depending hydropolitically on the neighboring countries, having limited access to free waters in the Persian Gulf, different problems in exporting oil and gas, territorial claims to its neighbors...are only part of the geographical and geopolitical facts in the case of Iraq, which definitely affect the way the governing body acts in regulating relations with others. This research with an analytical-descriptive approach tries to explore and explain the geographical and geopolitical origins of tension and conflict in Iran-Iraq relations on the basis of the method that Peter Haggett called Hypothetico model using library sources.

Abstract Environmental impacts have increased the growing awareness of the customers needs. people with different tastes, needs and experiences, and according to their capacities and limitations decide to choose. With the advent of Competitive atmosphere, concepts such as customer orientation and customer satisfaction, became the foundation of the business and the organization that ignores these developments is excluded from the market. Understanding this need in the field of culture and holy defense, which forms an important part of the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran is becoming more and more important. In fact, in order to attract people's attention to the study of holy defense books, it is essential that the factors affecting this important issue be investigated. Accordingly, this research investigates the factors affecting the marketing mix of holy defense books. Therefore, its approach is descriptive and of a survey type. The statistical population of the study is book buyers in Tehran, sample size was 384 people selected according to Morgan table. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods and confirmatory analysis and path analysis were used.

Abstract The Iran-Iraq war, which lasted about eight years, covered an area more than 1600 kilometers, triggered one of the greatest wars of the twentieth Century. The operational scope of this war covered different characteristics of human and natural geography within which different types of military operations took place. Apart from the geographical area, this war had different characteristics as well. At the outset of the war, one side was making a transition into a people-led revolution, while the other was in a state of stability and peace. Also, while one side enjoyed the relative supports of the world, the other was being confronted by large parts of the international community. It was in such a situation that military victory required principles of war, not to mention the principles of military geography to be implemented properly and taken into account. A more exact analysis of how the war proceeded, casts a light on the extent to which the foundation principles of military geography had been followed in both fronts. This article tries to analyze the way the general principles of military operations were applied by either side engaged in the war by enumerating the characteristics of military operations launched by the two sides.

Abstract

Abstract War memoirs, with their unique features, although considered sources of war history, are often classified into distinct categories of historical sources and texts. This is due to the special narrative features of these works, in which the boundary between history and literature is always fluctuating. In this study, in order to identify the narrative features and components governing the narration of war memoirs, and also to investigate the hypothesis of achieving a fundamental pattern in the narration of these memoirs, I wrote three memoirs of Holy Defense memoirs (Babanzar, one of these days) and reached maturity. It has been selected as a case study and the effective processes and components in the narration of these works have been studied and analyzed based on structuralist theory. The results of this research show the fundamental role of mental and synchronic patterns in the formation of "narrative" of war memories. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected by library method.

Abstract

Abstract Tourism underwent many changes in the middle of the twentieth century, from the transition from mass tourism to post-tourism, which was based on three spatial patterns and different types of tourism. War tourism is one of these types of tourism derived from post-tourism. This type of tourism, which is a sub-branch of bitter tourism, has been considered for the development of war-torn areas as well as other cultural monuments in proportion to the expansion of tourist demand. Therefore, in this article, in the framework of a strategic method based on the leveling of areas with capability and analysis, SWOT analysis and prioritization of strategies with the QSPM model, the strategic evaluation of war tourism in Iran has been done. The obtained results were done in leveling the areas with capability in four levels, in which the four provinces of Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Kurdistan and Ilam were in level one. In terms of SWOT analysis, the ST action strategy (diversity and competitiveness) was obtained and the QSPM model was prioritized. Strategy to support the formation of war tourism cooperatives 9/32, tax forgiveness and consideration of facilities in the field of development of war tourism in areas with level one capability with 8.94 and the strategy of coordination and more interaction of war tourism organizations with agencies and tour operators with 8.74 in The next strategic priorities were the development of war tourism.