Holy Defense Studies

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive model of the characteristics of jihadi management in commanders of eight years of holy defense. To write the research literature, the method of library studies has been used and to achieve the main purpose of the article, the method of content analysis or theme with an interpretive approach has been used. For this purpose, the statements of Imam Khomeini (RA) during the years 1359-1368 and the statements of Imam Khamenei (as) during the years 1399-1360 have been studied. Due to the high volume of lectures, more than 90 lectures related to the research topic were analyzed by purposeful selection and study. In order to analyze the text of the lectures, after carefully studying these texts and creating the initial codes, the sub-themes were identified and refined, and then the themes were extracted by classifying the identified sub-themes. X-Mind Map software has been used to draw the network of themes. In total, 189 concept codes (in the form of 128 concepts), 55 sub-themes and 13 main themes were obtained from the studies. The thirteen main themes of this research are: self-sacrifice, struggle, God-centeredness, insight, creativity and innovation, morale Self-confidence, biological simplicity, service spirit, duty-oriented, conscious and compassionate management and guidance, staffing, honesty, justice.

Abstract War and armed conflict is the most serious threat to the national security of countries. In this light, the period of holy defense is a valuable treasure of experiences, policies, plans and strategies that might enlighten the Islamic system’s future path in the face of future threats. This study has analyzed the defense strategies of Imam Khomeini during the holy defense in a descriptive-analytical method. The text of Imam Khomeini’s Sahifa about the holy defense has been studied and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using the content analysis methodology in analogical and inductive approaches. Seven components of defense, including philosophy and nature of holy defense, culture and organizational behavior of the armed forces, psychological operations, Islamic ethics in war, the military force equal to the Islamic Revolution, the role of world powers in the war and the role and function of popular mobilization forces have been set as the criterion to identify and explain Imam Khomeini''''''''s defense concepts and strategies. 54 concepts of defense have been extracted from the text of the Imam''''''''s Sahifa according to the research findings and based on the above mentioned seven components. Then, the ranking of concepts and their process of change during the six periods of holy defense has been studied and analyzed separately. Finally, seventeen defense strategies considered by Imam Khomeini (RA) have been determined using the qualitative content analysis method and the process of "categorization" based on the 54 concepts and the seven components of defense.

Abstract The discourse of soft political defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran is evolving and orienting due to the soft war of the enemy; Given the concerns and emphases of the Supreme Leader in this regard and how to deal with it, the research issue is that the country has not provided a comprehensive and indigenous model for dealing with the soft political threats of the enemy and offensive actions against the enemy.

The main purpose of the research is to formulate a model of soft political defense of the country based on the discourse of the leadership, according to which the main question has been designed.

This applied research is a development that has been done with the foundation data method. In this study, His Holiness Leh's discourse has not been studied in full; Rather, the researcher has included the entries into the discussion by counting 145 related keywords, with the help of experts; In the process of conducting research, the researcher has prepared and distributed questionnaires entitled "Theoretical Sensitivity" from 20 experts in a targeted manner to the saturation stage. The researcher has used the data theory model of the Foundation for Islamic Research by Mr. Khanfir to develop the model.

Abstract This article investigates the role of the Carter administration in starting Iraqi aggression against Iran. One of the historical ambiguities in Saddam's invasion of Iran is the issue of America's green light for such an action. The present study tries to resolve this ambiguity by adopting a descriptive-analytical-historical method and using documents published by the US State Department in 2020. Theoretically, the Carter administration's behavior toward the Islamic Republic can be seen as part of the larger US foreign policy framework, which entails maintaining an empire of client states and managing enemies (i.e., countries systematically acting independent of the United States) through hostile means aimed at overthrowing them. By withdrawing from the client relationship and adopting a policy of systematic independence from the United States, the Islamic Republic was targeted by the Carter administration's various hostile actions, including instigating Saddam to war. According to the documents studied, not only did the United States give Saddam a green light to attack Iran but also actively sought to incite him to do so. According to these documents, the issue of military operations against Iran was raised by Brzezinski at least nine months before the Iraqi invasion of Iran. Documents also show US miscalculation in inciting Saddam to invade Iran as they show that Carter and his administration saw the newly formed Islamic Republic to be too weak to resist a full-fledged war. The Carter administration believed the war would end with the collapse of the Islamic Republic within a few months.

Abstract During the war between Iran and Iraq, various groups of people participated in it, among them the "peaceful community of Kermanshah province".

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of the ahle hagh group of Kermanshah Province in the eight years of the Holy Defense and identify the main reasons for their convergence in this war.

The methodology of this research is library, field interviewing, and then analyzing the information based on the content analysis method and in the quantitative section of statistical analysis.

The findings of this research show that at the beginning of the war, Iraq used this community, and some of them used mine border crossings, abductions, sabotage and .... But the military-security commanders were able to turn it into opportunity by doing activities and, while preventing subversive activity, use the power of the ahle hagh group to secure the region and the opposite with the Iraqi army. The most important reasons for the convergence of the people of the Right were: "religious commonwealth", "Imam Khomeini's comprehensive attention to unity among people with different religions", "patriotic affairs of the western people of the country in defense of the land" and "behavioral culture of the commanders and staff of the army guards"

Abstract Imposed war as a stressor can lead to unfortunate consequences in human life. People who are directly involved in the imposed war and are somehow exposed to the trauma caused by this devastating disaster are the first victims of the war. The effects of the imposed war also penetrate deep into families and society. The families of the wounded, the disabled, the martyrs and the captives are the forgotten victims of the war. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of holy defense on the self-efficacy of war veterans in Ahvaz by survey method. The statistical population of the present study included veterans of Ahvaz in 1398. The sample size was 150 veterans who were selected by random and stratified methods. The instrument used in this study was a self-efficacy questionnaire. The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of self-efficacy were 52.44 and 7.09, respectively. The results of the study showed that the holy defense and a kind of imposed war, although it has negative effects on the mental health of veterans, but leads to increased self-esteem and value, sense of adequacy and efficiency in dealing with life issues, all of which indicate self-efficacy in veterans. Is back.

Abstract The current of domination, in continuation of its constant confrontation with the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in parallel with the real space, has drawn the strategy of weakening the popular support of the system through cyberspace, and by using social technologies. The responsible agencies in the Islamic Republic of Iran must take the necessary action with proper knowledge and in the face of the phenomena affected by cyberspace. This requires a template.The main purpose and question of the present study is to introduce a strategic model to prevent the security of phenomena affected by cyberspace. The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it is combined or mixed. The statistical population in the qualitative part includes ten experts and university professors in the field of cyberspace and crisis management who were selected using purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation principle. Also in the quantitative part, 130 people including managers and level experts Different trustees were selected using stratified random sampling method. Data were collected in the qualitative part using in-depth interviews and in the quantitative part with a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability (0.79) were also confirmed.The results showed that the components of the mentioned strategic model are 20 components in 4 dimensions including: cyber governance, cyber intelligence aristocracy, cyber security management and macro environmental factors.

Abstract One of the important goals of countries in the successful management of internal affairs and foreign interactions is to have a level of national power. Because of the importance of soft power in increasing national power, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of war tourism in strengthening Iran's soft power. Despite the importance of peace and security and the existence of international organization for defender of peace, today the world is forced of destructive phenomenon of war and its various effects. On the other hand, the desire to tourism and enjoy its various natural and human phenomena has increased, Therefore, visiting the war zones and the monuments created in it and familiarizing the citizens with this event and its achievements, such as sacrifices, remnants and bittersweet memories and experiences, inthe form of "war tourism and visiting Memories of Defense", inaddition to positive economic effects, it can create an attractive and acceptable image in the domestic and international arena and while identifying individuals in society, pave the way for increasing National power. This research, which has been done with descriptive-analytical approach and using different documents, shows: Political components, individual-belief components and socio-cultural components are among the motivational characteristics of tourists that can be used in "war tourism" and the correct use of its economic, cultural and social achievements, can acquaint the thoughts, beliefs and behavior of the young generation other countries with the peaceful, anti-oppressive and prosperous ideals of the Islamic Revolution and increase Iran's soft power.